Adolescent health in the 21st century.
نویسندگان
چکیده
www.thelancet.com Vol 379 April 28, 2012 1567 Several factors have contributed to the social construct of adolescence as a distinct period of life, including the rise in education (and with it age segregation), social media, and urbanisation. But adolescence also has a biological basis. Many of the behaviours we associate with the teenage years (eg, risk taking) are evident in other species, and we know that brain maturation in human beings is not complete until about age 25 years. As young people enter adolescence they bring with them resources and vulnerabilities, both biological (genetics, epigenetics, natural endowments) and environmental (national and local policies, as well as community, school, workplace, peers, neighbourhood, and family infl uences). Conse quently, an ecological or life-course framework is crucial to understanding adolescent trajectories (fi gure). In high-income countries and, increasingly, low-income and middle-income countries, birth rates have declined while child survival has increased. Hence, there is a larger cohort of adolescents and young people today (just under 2 billion) than ever before, of whom 86% live in low-income and middle-income countries. This should mean that healthier young people are coming of age and entering the workforce, adding to a nation’s wealth. However, in many low-income and middle-income countries this dividend has yet to be realised. Impeding this realisation are factors that include disparities in access to resources and services by ethnic origin, region of residence, socioeconomic status, and sex. Furthermore, as young people migrate to urban centres seeking often unavailable education and work, there is a growing population of disenfranchised young people adding to, rather than alleviating, the economic and social burdens. Today’s young people are growing up in contexts of rapid urbanisation, increased educational demands, globalisation, and increased access to worldwide information through the internet and social media. Urbanisation is predominantly a feature of low-income and middle-income countries, and disproportionately it is young people who are migrating to urban centres. However, unless there are radical improvements in urban governance and investments, most migrants will Adolescent health in the 21st century
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ورودعنوان ژورنال:
- The journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh
دوره 45 4 شماره
صفحات -
تاریخ انتشار 2012